"""
==============
Array Creation
==============

Introduction
============

There are 5 general mechanisms for creating arrays:

1) Conversion from other Python structures (e.g., lists, tuples)
2) Intrinsic numpy array array creation objects (e.g., arange, ones, zeros, etc.)
3) Reading arrays from disk, either from standard or custom formats
4) Creating arrays from raw bytes through the use of strings or buffers
5) Use of special library functions (e.g., random)

This section will not cover means of replicating, joining, or otherwise
expanding or mutating existing arrays. Nor will it cover creating object
arrays or record arrays. Both of those are covered in their own sections.

Converting Python array_like Objects to Numpy Arrays
====================================================

In general, numerical data arranged in an array-like structure in Python can
be converted to arrays through the use of the array() function. The most obvious
examples are lists and tuples. See the documentation for array() for details for
its use. Some objects may support the array-protocol and allow conversion to arrays
this way. A simple way to find out if the object can be converted to a numpy array
using array() is simply to try it interactively and see if it works! (The Python Way).

Examples: ::

 >>> x = np.array([2,3,1,0])
 >>> x = np.array([2, 3, 1, 0])
 >>> x = np.array([[1,2.0],[0,0],(1+1j,3.)]) # note mix of tuple and lists, and types
 >>> x = np.array([[ 1.+0.j, 2.+0.j], [ 0.+0.j, 0.+0.j], [ 1.+1.j, 3.+0.j]])

Intrinsic Numpy Array Creation
==============================

Numpy has built-in functions for creating arrays from scratch:

zeros(shape) will create an array filled with 0 values with the specified
shape. The default dtype is float64.

``>>> np.zeros((2, 3))
array([[ 0., 0., 0.], [ 0., 0., 0.]])``

ones(shape) will create an array filled with 1 values. It is identical to
zeros in all other respects.

arange() will create arrays with regularly incrementing values. Check the
docstring for complete information on the various ways it can be used. A few
examples will be given here: ::

 >>> np.arange(10)
 array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
 >>> np.arange(2, 10, dtype=np.float)
 array([ 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9.])
 >>> np.arange(2, 3, 0.1)
 array([ 2. , 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9])

Note that there are some subtleties regarding the last usage that the user
should be aware of that are described in the arange docstring.

linspace() will create arrays with a specified number of elements, and
spaced equally between the specified beginning and end values. For
example: ::

 >>> np.linspace(1., 4., 6)
 array([ 1. ,  1.6,  2.2,  2.8,  3.4,  4. ])

The advantage of this creation function is that one can guarantee the
number of elements and the starting and end point, which arange()
generally will not do for arbitrary start, stop, and step values.

indices() will create a set of arrays (stacked as a one-higher dimensioned
array), one per dimension with each representing variation in that dimension.
An example illustrates much better than a verbal description: ::

 >>> np.indices((3,3))
 array([[[0, 0, 0], [1, 1, 1], [2, 2, 2]], [[0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 2]]])

This is particularly useful for evaluating functions of multiple dimensions on
a regular grid.

Reading Arrays From Disk
========================

This is presumably the most common case of large array creation. The details,
of course, depend greatly on the format of data on disk and so this section
can only give general pointers on how to handle various formats.

Standard Binary Formats
-----------------------

Various fields have standard formats for array data. The following lists the
ones with known python libraries to read them and return numpy arrays (there
may be others for which it is possible to read and convert to numpy arrays so
check the last section as well)
::

 HDF5: PyTables
 FITS: PyFITS
 Others? xxx

Examples of formats that cannot be read directly but for which it is not hard
to convert are libraries like PIL (able to read and write many image formats
such as jpg, png, etc).

Common ASCII Formats
------------------------

Comma Separated Value files (CSV) are widely used (and an export and import
option for programs like Excel). There are a number of ways of reading these
files in Python. There are CSV functions in Python and functions in pylab
(part of matplotlib).

More generic ascii files can be read using the io package in scipy.

Custom Binary Formats
---------------------

There are a variety of approaches one can use. If the file has a relatively
simple format then one can write a simple I/O library and use the numpy
fromfile() function and .tofile() method to read and write numpy arrays
directly (mind your byteorder though!) If a good C or C++ library exists that
read the data, one can wrap that library with a variety of techniques (see
xxx) though that certainly is much more work and requires significantly more
advanced knowledge to interface with C or C++.

Use of Special Libraries
------------------------

There are libraries that can be used to generate arrays for special purposes
and it isn't possible to enumerate all of them. The most common uses are use
of the many array generation functions in random that can generate arrays of
random values, and some utility functions to generate special matrices (e.g.
diagonal)

"""
